|
Normal Adult Female
Range: 37 - 47%
Optimal Adult Female
Reading: 42%
Normal Adult Male
Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male
Reading: 47
Normal Newborn
Range: 50 - 62%
Optimal Newborn
Reading: 56
Normal Adult Female
Range: 12 - 16 g/dl
Optimal Adult Female
Reading: 14 g/dl
Normal Adult Male
Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Male
Reading: 16 g/dl
Normal Newborn
Range: 14 - 20 g/dl
Optimal Newborn
Reading: 17 g/dl
Normal Adult Range:
27 - 33 pg
Optimal Adult
Reading: 30
Normal Adult Range:
80 - 100 fl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 90
Higher ranges are
found in newborns
and infants
Normal Adult Range:
32 - 36 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 34
Higher ranges are
found in newborns
and infants
Normal Adult Female
Range: 3.9 - 5.2
mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Female
Reading: 4.55
Normal Adult Male
Range: 4.2 - 5.6
mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Male
Reading: 4.9
Lower ranges are
found in Children,
newborns and infants
Normal Adult Range:
3.8 - 10.8 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 7.3
Higher ranges are
found in children,
newborns and
infants.
Normal Adult Range:
130 - 400 thous/mcl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 265
Higher ranges are
found in children,
newborns and infants
NEUTROPHILS and
NEUTROPHIL COUNT -
this is the main
defender of the body
against infection and
antigens. High levels
may indicate an active
infection.
Normal Adult Range:
48 - 73 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 60.5
Normal Children�s
Range: 30 - 60 %
Optimal Children�s
Reading: 45
LYMPHOCYTES and
LYMPHOCYTE COUNT -
Elevated levels may
indicate an active viral
infections such as
measles, rubella,
chickenpox, or
infectious
mononucleosis.
Normal Adult Range:
18 - 48 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 33
Normal Children�s
Range: 25 - 50 %
Optimal Children�s
Reading: 37.5
MONOCYTES and
MONOCYTE COUNT -
Elevated levels are seen
in tissue breakdown or
chronic infections,
carcinomas, leukemia (monocytic)
or lymphomas.
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 9 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 4.5
EOSINOPHILS
and
EOSINOPHIL COUNT -
Elevated levels may
indicate an allergic
reactions or parasites.
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 5 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 2.5
BASOPHILS and
BASOPHIL COUNT -
Basophilic activity is
not fully understood but
it is known to carry
histamine, heparin and
serotonin. High levels
are found in allergic
reactions.
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 2 %
Optimal Adult
Reading: 1
SODIUM
-
Sodium is the most
abundant cation in the
blood and its chief
base. It functions in
the body to maintain
osmotic pressure,
acid-base balance and to
transmit nerve impulses.
Very Low value: seizure
and Neurologic Sx.
Normal Adult Range:
135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 140.5
POTASSIUM -
Potassium is the major
intracellular
cation. Very low value:
Cardiac arythemia.
Normal Range: 3.5 -
5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 4.5
CHLORIDE -
Elevated levels are
related to acidosis as
well as too much water
crossing the cell
membrane. Decreased
levels with decreased
serum albumin may
indicate water
deficiency crossing the
cell membrane (edema).
Normal Adult Range:
95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 103
CO2
(Carbon Dioxide) -
The CO2 level is related
to the respiratory
exchange of carbon
dioxide in the lungs and
is part of the bodies
buffering system.
Generally when used with
the other electrolytes,
it is a good indicator
of acidosis and
alkalinity.
Normal Adult Range:
22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 27
Normal Childrens
Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L
Optimal Childrens
Reading: 24
CALCIUM -
involved in bone
metabolism, protein
absorption, fat transfer
muscular contraction,
transmission of nerve
impulses, blood clotting
and cardiac function.
Regulated by
parathyroid.
Normal Adult Range:
8.5-10.3 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 9.4
PHOSPHORUS -
Generally inverse with
Calcium.
Normal Adult Range:
2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 3.5
Normal Childrens
Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl
Optimal Childrens
Range: 4.5
ANION
GAP (Sodium +
Potassium - CO2 +
Chloride) -
An increased measurement
is associated with
metabolic acidosis due
to the overproduction of
acids (a state of
alkalinity is in
effect). Decreased
levels may indicate
metabolic alkalosis due
to the overproduction of
alkaloids (a state of
acidosis is in effect).
Normal Adult Range:
4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 9
Normal Adult Range:
2.3 - 3.3
(calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 2.8
Normal Children's
range: 1.3 - 3.3
(calculated)
Optimal Children's
Reading: 2.3
Normal Adult Range:
26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 32
AST (Serum
Glutamic-Oxalocetic
Transaminase -
SGOT
) -
found primarily in the
liver, heart, kidney,
pancreas, and muscles.
Seen in tissue damage,
especially heart and
live
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 21
ALT (Serum
Glutamic-Pyruvic
Transaminase -
SGPT)
-
Decreased SGPT in
combination with
increased cholesterol
levels is seen in cases
of a congested liver. We
also see increased
levels in mononucleosis,
alcoholism, liver
damage, kidney
infection, chemical
pollutants or myocardial
infarction
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 48 U/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 24
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
- Used
extensively as a tumor
marker it is also
present in bone injury,
pregnancy, or skeletal
growth (elevated
readings. Low levels
are sometimes found in
hypoadrenia, protein
deficiency, malnutrition
and a number of vitamin
deficiencies
Normal Adult Range:
20 - 125 U/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 72.5
Normal Children's
Range: 40 - 400 U/L
Optimal Children's
Reading: 220
GGT
(Gamma-Glutamyl
Transpeptidase) -
Elevated levels may be
found in liver disease,
alcoholism, bile-duct
obstruction, cholangitis,
drug abuse, and in some
cases excessive
magnesium ingestion.
Decreased levels can be
found in hypothyroidism,
hypothalamic malfunction
and low levels of
magnesium.
Normal Adult Female
Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female
Reading: 22.5
Normal Adult Male
Range: 0 - 65 U/L
Optimal Male
Reading: 32.5
LDH
(Lactic Acid
Dehydrogenase) -
Increases are usually
found in cellular death
and/or leakage from the
cell or in some cases it
can be useful in
confirming myocardial or
pulmonary infarction
(only in relation to
other tests). Decreased
levels of the enzyme may
be seen in cases of
malnutrition,
hypoglycemia, adrenal
exhaustion or low tissue
or organ activity.
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 125
BILIRUBIN, TOTAL -
Elevated in liver
disease, mononucleosis,
hemolytic anemia, low
levels of exposure to
the sun, and toxic
effects to some drugs,
decreased levels are
seen in people with an
inefficient liver,
excessive fat digestion,
and possibly a diet low
in nitrogen bearing
foods
Normal Adult Range 0
- 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: .65
B.U.N.
(Blood Urea Nitrogen) -
Increases can be caused
by excessive protein
intake, kidney damage,
certain drugs, low fluid
intake, intestinal
bleeding, exercise or
heart failure. Decreased
levels may be due to a
poor diet, malabsorption,
liver damage or low
nitrogen intake.
Normal Adult Range:
7 - 25 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 16
CREATININE -
Low levels are sometimes
seen in kidney damage,
protein starvation,
liver disease or
pregnancy. Elevated
levels are sometimes
seen in kidney disease
due to the kidneys job
of excreting creatinine,
muscle degeneration, and
some drugs involved in
impairment of kidney
function.
Normal Adult Range:
.7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 1.05
URIC
ACID -
High levels are noted in
gout, infections, kidney
disease, alcoholism,
high protein diets, and
with toxemia in
pregnancy. Low levels
may be indicative of
kidney disease,
malabsorption, poor
diet, liver damage or an
overly acid kidney.
Normal Adult Female
Range: 2.5 - 7.5
mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female
Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male
Range: 3.5 - 7.5
mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male
Reading:5.5
BUN/CREATININE - This
calculation is a good
measurement of kidney
and liver function.
Normal Adult Range:
6 -25 (calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 15.5
PROTEIN, TOTAL -
Decreased levels may be
due to poor nutrition,
liver disease,
malabsorption, diarrhea,
or severe burns.
Increased levels are
seen in lupus, liver
disease, chronic
infections, alcoholism,
leukemia, tuberculosis
amongst many others.
Normal Adult Range:
6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 7.25
ALBUMIN -
major constituent of
serum protein (usually
over 50%). High levels
are seen in liver
disease(rarely) , shock,
dehydration, or multiple
myeloma. Lower levels
are seen in poor diets,
diarrhea, fever,
infection, liver
disease, inadequate iron
intake, third-degree
burns and edemas or
hypocalcemia
Normal Adult Range:
3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 4.1
GLOBULIN -
Globulins have many
diverse functions such
as, the carrier of some
hormones, lipids,
metals, and
antibodies(IgA, IgG, IgM,
and IgE). Elevated
levels are seen with
chronic infections,
liver disease,
rheumatoid arthritis,
myelomas, and lupus are
present, . Lower levels
in immune compromised
patients, poor dietary
habits, malabsorption
and liver or kidney
disease.
Normal Adult Range:
2.2 - 4.2 g/dl
(calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 3.2
A/G
RATIO
(Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
Normal Adult Range:
0.8 - 2.0
(calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 1.9
CHOLESTEROL -
High density
lipoproteins (HDL) is
desired as opposed to
the low density
lipoproteins (LDL), two
types of cholesterol.
Elevated cholesterol has
been seen in
artherosclerosis,
diabetes, hypothyroidism
and pregnancy. Low
levels are seen in
depression,
malnutrition, liver
insufficiency,
malignancies, anaemia
and infection.
Normal Adult Range:
120 - 240 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 180
LDL
(Low Density
Lipoprotein) -
studies correlate the
association between high
levels of LDL and
arterial
artherosclerosis
Normal Adult Range:
62 - 130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 81 mg/dl
HDL
(High Density
Lipoprotein) -
A high level of HDL is
an indication of a
healthy metabolic system
if there is no sign of
liver disease or
intoxication.
Normal Adult Range:
35 - 135 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: +85 mg/dl
TRIGLYCERIDES -
Increased levels may be
present in
artherosclerosis,
hypothyroidism, liver
disease, pancreatitis,
myocardial infarction,
metabolic disorders,
toxemia, and nephrotic
syndrome. Decreased
levels may be present in
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, brain
infarction,
hyperthyroidism,
malnutrition, and
malabsorption.
Normal Adult Range:
0 - 200 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 100
Normal Adult Range:
1 - 6
Optimal Adult
Reading: 3.5
THYROXINE (T4) -
Increased levels are
found in
hyperthyroidism, acute
thyroiditis, and
hepatitis. Low levels
can be found in
Cretinism,
hypothyroidism,
cirrhosis, malnutrition,
and chronic thyroiditis.
Normal Adult Range:
4 - 12 ug/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 8 ug/dl
T3-UPTAKE - Increased
levels are found in
hyperthyroidism, severe
liver disease,
metastatic malignancy,
and pulmonary
insufficiency. Decreased
levels are found in
hypothyroidism, normal
pregnancy, and
hyperestrogenis status.
Normal Adult Range:
27 - 47%
Optimal Adult
Reading: 37 %
Normal Adult Range:
4 - 12
Optimal Adult
Reading: 8
THYROID-STIMULATING
HORMONE (TSH) -
produced by the anterior
pituitary gland, causes
the release and
distribution of stored
thyroid hormones. When
T4 and T3 are too high,
TSH secretion decreases,
when T4 and T3 are low,
TSH secretion increases.
Normal Adult Range:
.5 - 6 miliIU/L
Creatine phosphokinase
(CK) -
Levels rise 4 to 8 hours
after an acute MI,
peaking at 16 to 30
hours and returning to
baseline within 4 days
25-200 U/L
32-150 U/L
CK-MB CK isoenzyme -
It begins to increase 6
to 10 hours after an
acute MI, peaks in 24
hours, and remains
elevated for up to 72
hours.
< 12 IU/L if total
CK is <400 IU/L
<3.5% of total CK if
total CK is >400 IU/L
(LDH) Lactate
dehydrogenase - Total
LDH will begin to rise 2
to 5 days after an MI;
the elevation can last
10 days.
140-280 U/L
LDH-1
and LDH-2 LDH
isoenzymes -
Compare LDH 1 and LDH 2
levels. Normally, the
LDH-1 value will be less
than the LDH-2. In the
acute MI, however, the
LDH 2 remains constant,
while LDH 1 rises. When
the LDH 1 is higher than
LDH 2, the LDH is said
to be flipped, which is
highly suggestive of an
MI. A flipped pattern
appears 12-24 hours post
MI and persists for 48
hours.
LDH-1 18%-33%
LDH-2 28%-40%
SGOT -
will begin to rise in
8-12 hours and peak in
18-30 hours
10-42 U/L
Myoglobin -
early and sensitive
diagnosis of myocardial
infarction in the
emergency department
This small heme protein
becomes abnormal within
1 to 2 hours of
necrosis, peaks in 4-8
hours, and drops to
normal in about 12
hours.
< 1
Troponin Complex - Peaks
in 10-24 hours, begins
to fall off after 1-2
weeks.
< 0.4
Table of Cardiac markers
|
Serum Markers of
Myocardial
Injury |
|
|
|
|
|
Detected |
Peak |
Falls |
|
Myoglobin |
1-3 |
1-8 |
12-18 |
|
CK/CK-MB |
3-8 |
12-16 |
24-48 |
|
MB Isoforms |
1-6 |
4-8 |
12-48 |
|
Troponin Complex |
3-6 |
10-24 |
cTnI: 5-9 days
cTnT: 7-14 days |
Typical Marker Values during
AMI
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